Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that originates in the plasma cells of the bone marrow. These cells play an essential role in the immune system, producing antibodies to combat infections. When these plasma cells become malignant, they multiply uncontrollably, leading to multiple myeloma. Early detection of this disease can lead to more effective treatments and better health outcomes than diagnosis at more advanced stages.

Understanding the early signs of multiple myeloma is essential for both individuals at risk and their healthcare providers. In this article, we’ll delve into the initial symptoms that might indicate the presence of this disease.

Early signs of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma signs and symptoms can be similar to those of other diseases, making a correct diagnosis challenging. Your doctor will usually run diagnostic tests, which may include blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, and imaging studies, to confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and rule out other conditions.

Some common early signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma include the following:

• bone pain

• anemia

• kidney problems

• hypercalcemia (increased calcium levels in the blood)

• frequent infections

• nerve damage

• unexplained weight loss

Bone Pain

One of the most common early symptoms of multiple myeloma is bone pain, especially in the back or chest. The bones may also become weak and prone to fractures with minor injuries or even without any apparent cause.

Anemia

Multiple myeloma can hinder the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, leading to anemia. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Kidney problems

The malignant plasma cells produce a large amount of a specific protein that can damage the kidneys. This may lead to symptoms like changes in urine color, frequency, or volume, and swelling in the legs.

Increased calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia)

The breakdown of bones can release excess calcium into the bloodstream. This can cause frequent urination, excessive thirst, nausea, constipation, and even confusion.

Frequent infections

Since the plasma cells play a vital role in immunity, multiple myeloma can weaken the immune system. This results in a higher susceptibility to infections. Recurring infections or prolonged recovery can be indicative of decreased immunity.

Nerve damage

Multiple myeloma can cause nerve damage due to the growth of tumor cells or due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins produced by the malignant cells. Symptoms may include numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs.

Unexplained weight loss

While not exclusive to multiple myeloma, sudden and unexplained weight loss can sometimes be a symptom. The body may use more energy to combat the growing cancer cells. Or, this weight loss could be due to decreased appetite from other symptoms.

Risk factors and early detection

Certain factors can increase an individual's risk of developing multiple myeloma. These include age (most patients are diagnosed after 60), male gender, African-American ethnicity, and a family history of the disease.

Regular check-ups and blood tests are vital for early detection, especially for those with multiple risk factors. Modern diagnostic techniques, such as imaging and bone marrow tests, can identify multiple myeloma in its initial stages, leading to more effective treatments.

Recognizing the first signs of multiple myeloma is the key to early detection and treatment. Anyone experiencing these symptoms or having multiple risk factors should consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early diagnosis can lead to better outcomes, improved quality of life, and an increased chance of remission.

Sources

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9512431/

• https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/ 

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499952/ 

• https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/hypercalcemia 

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548011/

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/multiple-myeloma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html 

• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/multiple-myeloma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html 

Disclaimer

Member comments have been lightly edited for length and clarity. This content is for general informational purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of any organization or individual. The content should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your healthcare provider about any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.